Here are the terms used by veterinary specialists on diseases and treatment. It is always better to know and the effects of these treatment as you wager on these animals-Admin Indiaracetips
Urticaria
Urticaria commonly referred to as hives, is a kind of skin rash notable for pale red, raised, itchy bumps. Hives are frequently caused by allergic reactions; however, there are many nonallergic causes. Most cases of hives lasting less than six weeks (acute urticaria) are the result of an allergic trigger. Chronic urticaria (hives lasting longer than six weeks) is rarely due to an allergy.
Acute viral infection is another common cause of acute urticaria (viral exanthem). Less common causes of hives include friction, pressure, temperature extremes, exercise, and sunlight.
intraarticular injection,
The injection of a medication into a joint space, usually to reduce inflammation, such as in bursitis or fibromyositis. With the same technique abnormally excessive fluid may be withdrawn from the joint space. The fluid may be a result of trauma or inflammation.
LLF m(Left front foot)
ESWT(Physiotherapy)
Few physiotherapy clinic to use Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy machine(ESWT) which is considered one of the most innovative developments in recent pain therapy.
Contrary to conventional pain treatment methods, ESWT allows the causes of pain to be eliminated directly at the point of origin without any medication or surgery. Successful results are achieved after a few treatment sessions.
History of ESWT
Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (ESWT) has been used in medicine for over 35 years. It was first used for the eradication of kidney stones in the 70’s and in the late 90’s its use expanded in musculoskeletal medicine, where it’s used for Achilles tendon, plantar fascia, knee, elbow, and shoulder injuries as well as non-union fractures and throchanteric bursitis.
How does Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy Works?
ESWT delivers pneumatically driven shockwaves releasing high energy pulses that travel through the skin, inflamed/thickened tissue, calcification and bone. High energy pulses of ultrasound waves stimulate the body’s self healing process. This results in increased circulation to the injured tissue and the breakdown of scar tissue and calcific deposits.
Shockwaves have shown to increase local blood circulation and metabolism. It helps in fibroblast recruitment and modulation, stimulate the regeneration processes from the healthy tissue surrounding the focus of the affliction; resulting in injury resolution.
EIPH(Bleeder)
Defining a “bleeder”.
There are slight differences in the definition of a “bleeder” in various racing jurisdictions throughout the world. Bleeding is defined as the appearance of blood at both nostrils, irrespective of the quantity, after exercise, unless in the opinion of the Stewards such bleeding was caused by external trauma. In some racing jurisdictions such as the HKJC, a horse bleeding from one nostril after exercise is also reported as a bleeder if it is shown that the bleeding is from the lung.
Regardless of what is specified in the rules, regulatory veterinarians and stewards may consider the possibility of bleeding from the nose due to head trauma in certain circumstances (as may occur if the horse had fallen or reared in the barrier).
An endoscopic examination may be required to determine the origin of the bleeding, especially if there is any doubt as to whether the horse has bled from its lungs as a consequence of exercise.
How common is bleeding from the lungs in racehorses and how is it diagnosed?
Bleeding in the lungs (termed exercise induced-pulmonary-haemorrhage, or EIPH) during strenuous exercise is common in racehorses. However, blood (haemorrhage) appears at the
nostrils (referred to as ‘epistaxis’) in only a small percentage of cases. In Victoria, the prevalence of horses
bleeding for the first-time as defined as the appearance of blood at both nostrils after exercise is
approximately 1.5 per 1000 starters (or 0.15%). This is comparable to that reported in Japan, Britain and South Africa, and less than that reported in Singapore, Hong Kong and the USA.
Although blood appearing at the nostrils is relatively uncommon, data from large surveys performed in a number of areas around the world indicate that some degree of EIPH may occur in up to 75% of runners. Blood may be present in the trachea alone and therefore may only be evident on endoscopic examination after exercise. In a recent study conducted on Victorian racecourses, 55.3% of starters had some degree of EIPH on post-race endoscopic examination. A similar prevalence was seen subsequently in South Africa by the same team of researchers. As it may take some time for the normal clearance mechanism of the respiratory tract to move blood into the trachea from the lungs, endoscopy may not reveal haemorrhage unless it is performed 60 minutes or more after exercise. In some cases, EIPH is not evident on endoscopy and laboratory analysis of a bronchoalveolar lavage sample (BAL or ‘lung wash’) is necessary to demonstrate its occurrence. BAL provides a very useful means to quantify the severity of EIPH, to determine the possible duration of the problem and, to monitor the progression and/or resolution of the condition. What risk factors have been identified for this condition?
The prevalence of epistaxis is higher in older horses (accumulated years spent racing increases the risk), in hurdle or steeplechase races compared to flat races, and may be higher in winter/spring. Track surface may also have an effect. For example, inSingapore the prevalence of bleeding
(epistaxis) is higher on fiber-sand thanturf. The effect of ‘going’ is variable
Does EIPH affect performance?
Horses that bleed from the nose and ‘pull up’ in a race clearly have a reduction in performance. Indeed, most horses with blood at both nostrils finish worse than mid-field, and about half of these horses finish last.
The effect of EIPH on performance is probably related to the volume of haemorrhage. A small amount of pulmonary haemorrhage may or may not significantly reduce performance,
but a larger amount of bleeding can. Indeed, large studies recently conducted in Melbourne and in South Africa have also confirmed that lesser degrees of EIPH (Grades 0 and 1, often without blood appearing from the nostrils) are not generally associated with impaired performance. Grades of
EIPH 2 and greater are positively associated with reduced to poor performance.
Furthermore, the effects of bleeding are likely to be progressive and lung damage cumulative, ultimately leading to significant decreases in performance. This is likely because blood in the lung causes pulmonary inflammation (for at least three weeks following each episode), red cells are cleared slowly, and repeated bouts of exercise may result in repeated episodes of EIPH.
Therefore, EIPH is a serious condition in racehorses and prevention or reduction of its incidence is an important issue.
The safety and welfare issues and review of the bleeding rule. So, how many horses die as a result of bleeding?
The answer is very few. A review of causes of death in horses at several centres in ustralia and the USA reveals that less than 2% of deaths are due to severe EIPH (‘bleeding’), a small percentage are due to cardiovascular disease, whereas the majority of fatalities are as a result of serious musculoskeletal (mainly leg) injury. Between mid 1999-2005, 6 horses collapsed and died during
racing in Singapore for reasons other than musculoskeletal injury. Of these, necropsy examination confirmed 3 horses to have died due to severe EIPH (i.e. 3 cases in over 30,000 runners during this period), one due to heart failure, one due to rupture of a major
internal vessel, and in one case, the causes could not be determined. Furthermore, we can consider that of the 218 bleeders reported after racing during this same period, only 3 died.
Horses that suffer a severe or fatal bleed during exercise typically weaken and stumble before they ‘pull up’ or collapse usually allowing time for the jockey to jump off in many cases. Serious injuries to riders are more likely to be associated with catastrophic musculoskeletal injuries and other accidents when a horse falls or veers suddenly and unexpectedly.
Colic
Colic in horses is defined as abdominal pain, but it is a clinical sign rather than a diagnosis. The term colic can encompass all forms of gastrointestinal conditions which cause pain as well as other causes of abdominal pain not involving the gastrointestinal tract. The most common forms of colic are gastrointestinal in nature and are most often related to colonic disturbance. There are a variety of different causes of colic, some of which can prove fatal without surgical intervention. Colic surgery is usually an expensive procedure as it is major abdominal surgery, often with intensive aftercare. Among domesticated horses, colic is the leading cause of premature death. The incidence of colic in the general horse population has been estimated between 10 and 11 percent on an annual basis. It is important that any person who owns or works with horses be able to recognize the signs of colic and determine whether or not a veterinarian should be called.
Laryngeal Abnormality (Roarer)
ROARING
The terms ‘whistler’ and ‘roarer’ are used to describe horses which make an abnormal respiratory noise during exercise. The noise is heard during inspiration (i.e. breathing in) and may be anything from a high-pitched soft whistle to a harsh ‘roar’.
Laryngeal paralysis in animals is a condition in which the nerves and muscles that control the movements of one or both arytenoid cartilages of the larynx cease to function, and instead of opening during inspiration and closing during swallowing, the arytenoids remain stationary in a somewhat neutral position. Specifically, the muscle that causes abduction of the arytenoid cartilage, the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle, ceases to function. This leads to inadequate ventilation during exercise and during thermoregulatory panting as well as incomplete protection of the airway during swallowing. Affected animals thus have reduced tolerance for exercise and heat and an increased risk of aspiration pneumonia. Laryngeal paralysis can also occur in horses where it is referred to as roaring, roarer’s syndrome, or medically as laryngeal hemiplegia or recurrent laryngeal neuropathy
Treatment
Mild cases are managed by limiting activity, keeping a healthy body weight, and avoiding exposure to high ambient temperatures. Mild sedatives can be used to decrease anxiety and panting and therefore improve respiration. Corticosteroids may also be administered in acute cases to decrease inflammation and edema of the larynx.
Severe acute symptoms, such as difficulty breathing, hyperthermia, or aspiration pneumonia, must be stabilized with sedatives and oxygen therapy and may require steroid or antibiotic medications. Sometimes a tracheotomy is required to allow delivery of oxygen
Superior Check Ligament Desmotomy
Superior check ligament desmotomy for treatment of superficial digital flexor tendonitis in Thoroughbred horses
Summary
Bilateral superior check ligament desmotomy was performed on 31 Thoroughbred as the sole method of treatment for superficial digital flexor tendonitis. Horses resumed racing between 6 and 19 months after surgery. Horses that were able to compete in 5 or more races without injury to the tendon again were considered to have had a successful return to racing. Twenty-five Thoroughbreds were suitable for later study and 13 of these (52%) raced on 5 or more occasions. The results of this study suggest that bilateral superior check ligament desmotomy may improve the prognosis for a horse returning to racing after injury to the superficial digital flexor tendon.
Conclusion
There was no statistically significant difference between treatment groups in the proportions of horses able to complete five or more races after an episode of superficial digital flexor tendonitis. Superior check desmotomy did not appear to offer an advantage over non-surgical treatment in preventing recurrent or new injuries in Thoroughbred racehorses. Horses undergoing superior check desmotomy appeared to be at greater risk of developing suspensery ligament injuries than horses managed non-surgically.
Note The content ABOVE were collected from various resources and published here in the interest of our readers and we do not claim as our own content.
